美国的军校制度

晨枫

6 j" \. B0 s6 e4 Q& _
军迷没有不想往西点军校的，但又很少不被美国各种军校（school）、军事学院（academy）和军事大学（college、university）弄糊涂的，更是有一些貌似民间的大学在里面参合。说起来，美国军事教育制度又完整，又混乱。一方面在很多地方领导世界军事教育，另一方面又由于历史积淀攒了很多陈腐的东西。这里理一理。
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军种学院（Federal Service Academies），毕业生直接进入现役，美国海运学院除外：
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United States Military Academy（俗称西点军校，位于纽约州西点，里纽约市不远）
* o9 |6 T* B8 Q# l# IUnited States Naval Academy（俗称安纳波利斯海军学院，位于马里兰州安纳波利斯）
7 O0 o. u$ c1 b- @& {United States Air Force Academy（一般就直译为美国空军学院，位于科罗拉多州科罗拉多泉）
0 c# V9 v3 J" r! w4 e* ]8 g3 z% ~United States Coast Guard Academy（美国海岸警卫队学院，位于康涅狄格州新伦敦）
! M7 D! v# Y. Z# ]1 s$ t7 gUnited States Merchant Marine Academy（美国海运学院，院长是现已海军少将，毕业生从事航运业，但并非海军军官，位于纽约州金角）

高级军事学院（Senior Military Colleges），用于训练预备军官团，毕业生按需要成为现役，其余进入预备役：

2 {! a. E5 v1 m3 i3 _& Y4个也同时接受非ROTC的民间大学生，这里public指公立，不一定是对非军人开放
$ N2 }: T6 g/ D) }The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina (Charleston, South Carolina; four-year public college)
4 z2 `& l# L4 pTexas A&M University (College Station, Texas; four-year public university)
University of North Georgia (Dahlonega, Georgia; four-year public university)
( [8 W' _! h6 H0 d. S% kVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, Virginia; four-year public university)

1个只收ROTC学生
Virginia Military Institute (Lexington, Virginia; four-year public college)，巴顿将军就是这里最出名的毕业生

) _( p! Z; X) x6 u" B8 I+ @1个军民兼收的私立
$ {# x0 f5 c1 H" H1 u' o* iNorwich University (Northfield, Vermont; four-year private university)

, [0 q: K7 w) @* D3 [& c! ~4 F1 w州立海运学院，毕业生不能自动获得海岸警卫队或者军事海运方面的职务，但是挂钩的：
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( E4 \1 @7 o2 ]  hCalifornia State University Maritime Academy (part of the California State University system)
Great Lakes Maritime Academy (a division of Northwestern Michigan College)
Maine Maritime Academy
* f5 k/ W/ C, D$ c, n6 d8 Z, @/ SMassachusetts Maritime Academy
State University of New York Maritime College (part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system)
Texas A&M Maritime Academy (part of the Texas A&M University System)

) s3 w) d' C) P2 P; u) r军事大专（Military Junior Colleges），这是很特别的东西，两年毕业，但必须自己另外读完民间大学的大三、大四才能或者完整ROTC资格：

Georgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia)
Marion Military Institute (Marion, Alabama)
New Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico)
Valley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)
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还有一大堆军事高中，为进军校准备的，都是私立的：

Admiral Farragut Academy (St. Petersburg, Florida; coeducational)
American Military Academy (Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; coeducational)
Army and Navy Academy (Carlsbad, California)
2 @8 F% K( A' Q1 E4 ?/ ABenedictine College Preparatory (Richmond, Virginia)
4 H! P6 U" g& {' wCamden Military Academy (Camden, South Carolina)
Christian Brothers Academy (Albany, New York)
3 {" W1 {% p3 k# A! i- z8 CCulver Military Academy (Culver, Indiana)
Fishburne Military School (Waynesboro, Virginia)
9 g/ {. I, x9 J* U" k4 yFlorida Preparatory Academy (Melbourne, Florida; coeducational from 2005)
4 f$ V8 Z/ G9 j; X: ?1 l7 d% B; uFork Union Military Academy (Fork Union, Virginia)
Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)
4 q+ L3 d' l9 X# nHowe Military School (Howe, Indiana; coeducational)
La Salle Institute (Troy, New York)
Leonard Hall Junior Naval Academy (Leonardtown, Maryland; coeducational)
Lyman Ward Military Academy (Camp Hill, Alabama)
Marine Military Academy (Harlingen, Texas)
Massanutten Academy (Woodstock, Virginia; coeducational)
Missouri Military Academy (Mexico, Missouri)
New York Military Academy (Cornwall on Hudson, New York; coeducational)
  J: v# ~  u& h6 U( ENorth Valley Military Institute (Sun Valley, California; coeducational)
Oak Ridge Military Academy (Oak Ridge, North Carolina; coeducational)
Randolph-Macon Academy (Front Royal, Virginia; coeducational)
: y5 `  h( p5 q( j7 CRiverside Military Academy (Gainesville, Georgia)
San Marcos Baptist Academy (San Marcos, Texas)
Saint Thomas Academy (Mendota Heights, Minnesota)
St. Catherine's Academy (Anaheim, California; Kindergarten - 8th Grade; all boys)
: V6 Z4 h" H: x1 n- ]- fSt. John's College High School (Washington, DC; first JROTC school in the USA; coeducational)
4 D( u' I- D* k' JSt. John's Military School (Salina, Kansas)
" z7 h* |- o# a) qSt. John's Northwestern Military Academy (Delafield, Wisconsin)
Southeastern Military Academy (Port St. Lucie, Florida)
TMI — The Episcopal School of Texas (San Antonio, Texas[2]
8 H6 ~! `; ^, ]# E$ g: t4 t5 J' e- NValley Forge Military Academy and College (Wayne, Pennsylvania)

4 W. ~% W7 H' Z2 ?更有一大堆公立高中有国防部部份资助的JROTC（青少年ROTC）项目，在高中期间就接受一定的军事训练，为以后参军做准备：

Air Force Academy High School (Chicago, Illinois)
  a" B4 H/ V0 p; }6 E; gBridgeport Military Academy First Responders (Bridgeport, Connecticut)
/ w8 y' }5 f/ e. LCarver Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
Chicago Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
Cleveland Junior Naval Academy (St. Louis, Missouri)
1 R: g. S- s/ c8 TDelaware Military Academy (Wilmington, Delaware)
First State Military Academy (Smyrna, Delaware)
Franklin Military Academy (Richmond, Virginia; the country’s first secondary military academy)[3]
Georgia Military College (Milledgeville, Georgia; coeducational, public but not part of University System of Georgia)
8 @* C3 G. ?9 n, `0 UHollywood Hills Military Academy (Hollywood, Florida)
3 _/ k! ], d) gKenosha Military Academy (Wisconsin)[3]
$ W+ v5 ^, n0 c' p% y- }" |Marine Academy of Science and Technology (Sandy Hook, New Jersey)
9 \6 \$ R! a; i; sMarine Math and Science Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
New Mexico Military Institute (Roswell, New Mexico; coeducational)
2 C$ g) v/ {. h/ m& vNew Orleans Military and Maritime Academy (New Orleans, Louisiana)
Oakland Military Institute (Oakland, California)
Philadelphia Military Academy[3]
6 h% K  g) g' ?Phoenix Military Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
Rickover Naval Academy (Chicago, Illinois)
" B; `: g. I. ~% g, ?Sarasota Military Academy (Sarasota, Florida)
# o3 j$ d  G; e& l2 S) ?! ?Summerlin Military Academy (Bartow, Florida)
Utah Military Academy (Riverdale, Utah)
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在另一头，则是各军种的研究生院：
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4 n. Q3 h0 Y2 c  z3 ?9 |* V) QUnited States Army Command and General Staff College (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas)，陆军中级军官学校，下设School for Command Preparation，School of Advanced Military Studies，Command and General Staff School，School for Advanced Leadership and Tactics，郝柏村是这里毕业的
9 ~5 W9 y$ Q9 F9 u3 r9 J3 i" P4 IUnited States Army War College (Carlisle, Pennsylvania)，陆军高级军官学校，招收有希望晋升将官的中校和上校
8 k. Z3 y1 C3 p. ^+ yUnited States Army Warrant Officer Career College (Fort Rucker, Alabama)
+ e3 P) Z( D8 uNaval War College (Newport, Rhode Island)，海军中高级军官学校，偏重指挥，下设College of Naval Warfare，Maritime Advanced Warfighting School，College of Naval Command and Staff
Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California)，更加偏重科技方面
2 B8 p0 y& c- H9 b3 h3 WMarine Corps University (Quantico, Virginia)
% E3 h. p3 h- N: a* j, EAir University (Montgomery, Alabama)，空军中高级军官学校的统一架构，下设Air War College，空军高级军官学校；School of Advanced Air and Space Studies，空天战争的研究生院；Air Command and Staff College，空军中级军官学校；Squadron Officer School，中队长学校；Air Force Institute of Technology (Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio)，偏重科技
( m0 X- o) h1 s. O, Q* ^National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)，三军联合，下设National War College，联合作战高级军官学校；Industrial College of the Armed Forces，偏重军工管理；Joint Forces Staff College (Norfolk, Virginia)，联合作战中级军官学校
3 k* s+ Z5 ^) A9 sMarine Corps University (Quantico, VA)，陆战队中高级军官学校的统一架构，下设Marine Corps War College，陆战队高级军官学校；School of Advanced Warfighting，陆战队的战术研究生班；Marine Corps Command and Staff College，陆战队中级军官学校；Expeditionary Warfare School，陆战队上尉军官的战术进修学校

# w" W& L) H4 U3 a  U) I: _- d各种专门学校（如步兵学校、装甲兵学校、游骑兵学校、伞兵学校、……）就数不胜数了，也经常在变动中。

绕晕了吗？我也是。

liuqing098

土共是不是也学米国这一套了？

晨枫

liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-20 22:06
: _6 o; k: G$ X/ P+ q1 O5 V) \/ R土共是不是也学米国这一套了？

  L& @1 e* p! X7 k4 T好像不是，TG还是苏联式军校体制。

牛腰

Virginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧，一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了

cooker

liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 12:06
" d7 P$ q' J4 ^+ s土共是不是也学米国这一套了？

土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html)，比以前少了很多，主要是政治和艺术类基本上都被合并精简了。建军九十多年，连军区这种庞然大物都变了又变，其体制沿革足可以写书了，更不要说通常是军或师一级编制的军校。几十年历史的学校，说没就没了。固然能打击体制内的山头主义，但同样也很影响士气。不过铁打的营盘流水的兵，军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉，最不缺的就是人。

晨枫

牛腰 发表于 2020-6-20 23:00
/ D. M, l7 T9 o. ~* jVirginia Military Institute 最有名的毕业生应该算George Marshall吧，一个Marshall Plan就能盖过巴顿了 ...

他的军衔更高，政治成就更大，但作为军人，他的战功好像不突出？

牛腰

晨枫 发表于 2020-6-21 13:10
& x- q! P3 O4 Z+ s3 l2 Z; A' _他的军衔更高，政治成就更大，但作为军人，他的战功好像不突出？

# x- U- D$ E! f是的，他是参谋型的军官，对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上，他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。

6 \' C. z# e) e$ H( h4 j; D( mVMI最有名的中国毕业生大概是孙立人

晨枫

牛腰 发表于 2020-6-21 07:28
5 [( B& y2 r9 A6 q* M是的，他是参谋型的军官，对美军的贡献主要在组织运作上，他自己没有直接指挥什么有名的战役。

/ |' e7 w* R5 O- nVMI最有 ...

嗯，怎么把他给忘了？不应该

liuqing098

cooker 发表于 2020-6-21 13:01
土共目前正式的说法是43所军队院校(https://new.qq.com/omn/20191224/20191224A0DH5Q00.html)，比以前少 ...

2 v6 c, z5 C- R. c' I; W不过铁打的营盘流水的兵，军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉，最不缺的就是人。
赞这个观点。
以前在天涯上看什么校尉的帖子讲桂林陆军学院的，也是很赞的。

中关村88楼

老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。

晨枫

中关村88楼 发表于 2020-6-21 09:31
0 `, |0 K; _1 t' P( {* F老兄漏掉了军医大。Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, 在马里兰。

$ ?9 x. u6 S, K  y呃，这个确实漏掉了，多谢补充

漂流瓶

liuqing098 发表于 2020-6-21 22:30
! u; I( x  i0 @: W$ I9 R: d* u4 c不过铁打的营盘流水的兵，军队就是个永不停息的大熔炉，最不缺的就是人。
) x1 X5 I) s; q, r  a7 a赞这个观点。
以前在天 ...

应该是西西河的票姚校尉

liuqing098

漂流瓶 发表于 2020-6-22 14:09
应该是西西河的票姚校尉

- U7 |8 A8 P/ V9 n对。就是他。当时感慨不已。