日志

德化白瓷之欧洲变种

热度 12已有 865 次阅读2021-6-24 20:12 |个人分类:读书笔记

2021-6-24

下面这一个杯子，是Ringling博物馆里珍藏的福建德化陶瓷，明末清初的产品，也就是曾经驰名世界享誉欧洲的中国白瓷（Blanc de Chine）：

Lobed tea cup with molded decoration，Date: 17th-18th century。Medium:Dehua ware; porcelain with transparent glaze。Dimensions: Overall: 2 1/2 x 3 1/8 in. (6.4 x 7.9 cm)。Credit Line: Gift of Ira and Nancy Koger, 2001。Object number:SN11122.147

而下面这一款，是德化陶瓷的欧洲变种，目前在佐治亚州的Cummer夫人博物馆里展出。https://meissen.cummermuseum.org/beaker-with-molded-prunus-decoration/：

Porcelain production was a closely guarded Chinese secret, but Johann Friedrich Böttger (1682-1719) experimented with different deposits of white clay – found on hills or riverbanks – until he discovered a source containing kaolin, the key ingredient of porcelain. Recording the earliest European recipe in 1708, Böttger’s first successful white porcelain pieces were modeled on Chinese blanc de Chine originals in form and decoration. Böttger presented his finding to the King in 1709, and one year later the first European factory – the Royal Porcelain Manufactory – was established.

This beaker (drinking cup) is almost identical to the 17th century Chinese beaker from The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art (Gift of Ira and Nancy Koger, SN11122.140) pictured in the detail.

特别用来和上面这个茶杯对比的，就是Ringling博物馆珍藏的带点儿瓜棱纹的德华白瓷杯真品：

Fluted tea cup (with molded prunus decoration). Date: late 17th Century。Medium: Porcelain。Dimensions: Overall: 3 x 3 in. (7.6 x 7.6 cm)。Credit Line:Gift of Ira and Nancy Koger, 2001。Object number: SN11122.140。

相比他的中国表亲，欧洲茶杯的釉水和造型，都惟妙惟肖，炉火纯青，完美微瑕，稍微在造型上，缺少了那么点儿山水灵秀之气。

无独有偶，下面的这一碟一杯，是伦敦维多利亚博物馆的藏品，德国梅森山寨的德化白瓷，也曾经被当做德化白瓷的真品，在博物馆里面展出，绝对的以假乱真。

Chocolate beaker and saucer, of white hard-paste porcelain with moulded decoration of prunus blossom in relief. The beaker is closely copied from a Dehua porcelain, and has the double footring found on some Dehua pieces. Chocolate beaker and saucer, hard-paste porcelain with moulded decoration in relief, Meissen, ca. 1726-7。藏品编号：C.450&A-1922。

而下面这两个，则是正儿八经的德化瓷真品，也在伦敦维多利亚博物馆内珍藏：

Dehua ware. Cup, white-glazed porcelain with applied decoration; China (Dehua), 17th century。藏品编号：CIRC.16-1915

藏品编号：CIRC.64-1928。

同样的事情也发生在澳大利亚悉尼的应用艺术与科学博物馆的展品里面，德化白瓷自宋代以来一枝独秀，一直到1709年，欧洲化学家破译了其中的秘诀，欧洲山寨的德化白瓷，就开始能够和真正的德化白瓷，一比高下，平分秋色了。

悉尼应用艺术与科学博物馆收藏的康熙时期的德化白瓷杯：Tea cup, blanc de Chine, porcelain, made in Dehua, Fujian, China, Qing dynasty, Kangxi reign, c. 1700。藏品编号：A6979。

悉尼应用艺术与科学博物馆收藏的英国切尔西瓷器厂仿制的德化白瓷杯：Tea cup, 'blanc de Chine' style, soft-paste porcelain, Chelsea Porcelain Factory, Chelsea, England, c. 1755。藏品编号：A6980。

This 'blanc de Chine' (French for white from China), soft-paste porcelain tea bowl, decorated with blossom flowers in relief, is a copy of a Chinese model. It was made at the Chelsea Porcelain Factory, in England, in about 1755. It was used for wine and tea drinking. Highly translucent vessels in uncoloured Chinese porcelain had reached Europe by the end of the 1600s. By the mid-1750s they had been widely copied, mostly in France and England. (Tea wares were the most popular).

悉尼应用艺术与科学博物馆收藏的真假德化白瓷杯的对比：藏品编号：A6979（左：康熙) vs.A6980（右边：英国）。

山寨就山寨，弯道就弯道，西方人倒也直言不讳，在世界各大博物馆里都公开宣示。这种技术和图案设计，都是从中国学来的（is a copy of a Chinese model）。

The breakthrough came in 1709, two years after the German alchemist, Johann Friedrich Bottger, abandoned his attempts at making gold in favour of porcelain research. His patron, the great porcelain collector Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Saxon Elector, set up the first European porcelain manufactory in Meissen, Germany, in 1710.