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如愿骨

热度 13已有 543 次阅读2021-1-30 02:15 |个人分类:小小说

2021-1-24

小时候常常玩一种游戏,叫猜晴天阴天。是从田间拔出来一个俗名叫薛胡子草学名为莎草科香附子草的叶茎,掐头去尾,从两端劈开,香附子草叶茎的断面是一个三角形,两端相交劈开而形成的图案,如果是菱形或四边形,就是一个晴天,如果没有形成菱形,就是一个阴天。晴天的机会总是多于阴天,皆大欢喜。后来知道,这里面有一个数学的概率问题,晴天的几率是三分之二,阴天的几率是三分之一。
现在小不点儿喜欢玩的一种美国游戏与此类似,叫如愿骨(wishbone),是吃鸡的时候经常从鸡的胸骨上取下一个带叉的小骨头(锁骨),等洗净晾干后,两人一人一叉撅断了,看谁撅的块头大,谁就是幸运的一方。这一类的小游戏,由于取材简单,无伤大雅,百玩不厌。
手中有一把乾隆外销瓷茶壶,尽管壶盖已经失群了,可是它特殊的造型与如愿骨一样的壶柄的设计,还是引起了我的注意。我们已经知道,这把茶壶壶嘴的龙头型设计,受德国梅森早期茶壶的影响。那么它的壶柄设计,是不是也来自于德国梅森呢?

其实在这把茶壶的壶柄上,似乎还少了一个实用的穿孔设计,虽然形制到了,可是没有穿眼,是为了拴一根小绳子,把壶柄和壶盖联系在一起的。否则壶盖儿就不会失群了。

1785-1790乾隆粉彩外销瓷茶壶 - The British East India Company held the monopoly on importing porcelain from China, and this teapot probably made the long sea journey in one of its ships. Here, the decoration of flowers in puce monochrome may have been inspired by English teapots, since they look rather more European than oriental. 
答案是肯定的,因为恰好还真的有那么几把经典式样的乾隆外销瓷茶壶,被认为是山寨了德国梅森茶壶如愿骨壶柄的式样:
   
Covered Teapot with Design of European Harbor Scene in the Meissen Style (St Luis Art Museum)
  • Teapot, hard paste porcelain, bullet shape with a ribbed wishbone handle, gaping bird's mouth spout anflower knop on lid, decorated with painted naturalistic flowers, not marked, made in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, China, c1760-1780 - the Chinese potter has faithfully copied the form of a Meissen teapot of about 1740-1750; the painted flowers, probably added in Guangzhou (Canton), mimic so-called deutsche blumen, a popular decorative style on European ceramics throughout the mid to late 18th century。
在“Treasure of Teapots – Meissen 1720 to 1760”这篇博客中,作者回顾了梅森茶壶壶柄如愿骨设计40年的演变历史 (I will be sharing with you the tea pots I found at Rijks Museum, Amsterdam. All photographs are courtesy of Rijks Museum and Meissen website.),所见略同。现摘录如下:
  • The Bird Spout – flower teapot as I call it, was the first to catch my eye (Teapot with lid, multicolour painted with Kakiemon decor, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1735). It is by the Porcelain Manufacture Meissen, and I have put together a few teapots by the same manufacturer during the 1700 to 1760 period. The distinct style of the wishbone handle and the spout set it apart from the other manufacturer in the same time period. 
Teapot 1715,  Meissen
Teapot 1715, Meissen - This 1715 teapot shows a very elaborately decorated pot, subsequent style moves away from bird form to a suggestion, which I think is far more attractive.
Teapot, multicolor painted with chinoiserie, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1725 - ca 1730
Teapot, multicolor painted with chinoiserie, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1725 – ca 1730 - This teapot was made in 1725, The suggestion of a wishbone handle seems to begin here.

Teapot, multicolor painted with chinoiserie, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1725 - ca 1730
Teapot, multicolor painted with chinoiserie, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1725 – ca 1730 - This particular style seemed to be popular for some years.
Teapot with lid, multicolor painted with chinoiserie, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1725 - ca 1730
Teapot with lid, multicolour painted with chinoiserie, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1725 – ca 1730
Teapot with lid, painted with Imari decoration, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, 1730
Teapot with lid, painted with Imari decoration, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, 1730 - The three teapots shown above are bottom heavy, with a different spout, after this brief period the design of the teapot went back to the classic pot.
Teapot with lid, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, anonymously, 1730
Teapot with lid, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, anonymously, 1730Teapot with lid, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1730 - ca 1735
Teapot with lid, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1730 – ca 1735 - The Silhouette motif on a opaque background of the teapot sphere, is quite unique motif for this period. The craftsmen of the firm were very experimental with style of the pots and the kind of motifs, as if trying to find a brand style. The Handle here has developed into a better grip, indicating their attention to detail, and a small scroll appears at the top of wishbone handle.
Teapot, multicolor painted with water landscapes , Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1735
Teapot, multicolour painted with water landscapes , Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1735 - Teapot, multicolour painted with water landscapes, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1735. We see European landscapes feature on the teapot, moving away from the chinoiserie motif which were very popular during that time, imitating the Chinese porcelain which was far more expensive and difficult to obtain. The handle has changed again to a simpler form.
Teapot, multicolor painted with water landscapes ,Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1735
Teapot, multicolour painted with water landscapes ,Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1735 - The style and the colour combinations are the same , the bird spout appears here along with the wishbone handle ( same as the 1740 teapot above). This combination of pot form, spout and handle was repeated, while the motifs changed.
Teapot 1740 Rijks museum
Teapot 1740 Rijks museumTeapot with lid, multicolor painted with bouquets, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1740 - ca 1750
Teapot with lid, multicolour painted with bouquets, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1740 – ca 1750Teapot 1740
Teapot 1740
Teapot with lid, painted in under-glaze blue with leafy branches, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1750 - ca 1760
Teapot with lid, painted in under-glaze blue with leafy branches, Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen, ca 1750 – ca 1760

Teapot 1755, Meissen

Teapot 1755, Meissen[/caption] - Globular form, wishbone handle with appliqué palmettes and tubular spout culminating in sculptural animal’s head. Slightly domed inset lid, central flower finial. On sides, diverse applied flowers along with insects in flight and at rest. Colourfully painted. In about 1735, Kaendler began encrusting porcelain ware with leaves and sculptural flowers that were not generally embellished with colour. In November of that year, for instance, he designed a covered bouillon cup encrusted with roses for Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia. There subsequently followed further vessels of this kind such as his écuelle, in which not only are the sculptural flowers colourfully decorated but individual floral motifs and insects have been inserted in the plain areas in between.

Teapot 1765, Meissen
Teapot 1765, Meissen - By 1765 the form had gone to classic, with a simple spout and a rope handle, with “Peasant scenes in naturalistic landscape” in the manner of Teniers.
更多的梅森如愿骨茶壶壶柄设计的作品:
Meissen Chinoiserie teapot and cover, circa 1735, of bullet shape, the wishbone handle with gilding and purple and a shell thumb piece and the gilt spout moulded with a bird'shead, finely painted in the manner of J.G. Horoldt with each side depicting a chinoiserie scene with three figures setting taking tea in a garden with insects, below a Laub un Bandelwerk rim band; the cover decorated with two landscape vignettes, the acorn finial gilded; with underglaze-blue crossed swords mark to base, and with gilt numeral ‘26.’ to the base and underside of cover; height: 3 7/8 in.

The present teapot was part of one of the most lavish royal gifts of the eighteenth-century: a magnificent tea and chocolate porcelain service, which included over 40 pieces and was presented in 1737 by Augustus III, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, to Maria Leszczyńska, wife of Louis XV, King of France. Such a gesture probably intended to improve diplomatic relations between Saxony and the French Court.
Meissen purple-ground teapot and cover, c. 1735-40, with scroll-moulded J-handle and grotesque bird spout, decorated with harbour scenes of merchants, ships and European rural landscapes within ogival cartouches against a lavender-ground with indianische Blumen, the cover with a flower-bud knop, with underglaze-blue crossed swords mark to base, height: 4 1/2in.
Meissen teapot and cover, c. 1740, decorated in puce camaieu with Watteauesque figures in Arcadian landscapes and flower sprays within gilt lined rims, with underglaze-blue crossed swords mark to base and gilder's 'H' mark to teapot and cover, height: 4 1/8in.
大都会博物馆收藏的皇家维也纳如愿骨茶壶(1735-40):
这样乾隆外销瓷如愿骨壶柄的设计脉络就比较清楚了,它和梅森茶壶的鸟头壶嘴的设计一样最早来自曾就职于梅森的原宫廷银匠的设计,影响了同时期景德镇生产的乾隆外销瓷茶壶的器型,或者是相互学习,共同进步,也未可知。
1740-1745年的梅森茶壶的如愿骨壶柄,是那个时代梅森茶壶的标配 - This teapot and cover with a wishbone handle and dragon spout is a later example of items reminiscent of the early Böttger porcelains admired for their raised ornament, and designed originally by the Dresden court goldsmith Johann Jacob Irminger (1635-1724), the so-called Irmingersche Belege. The applied grapevine (Wein-Laub) design seen on this teapot and cover was especially favored.
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