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迪美博物馆里的中国茶壶

热度 11已有 1726 次阅读2021-6-5 12:31 |个人分类:古今收藏

2021-6-5

坐落在波士顿东北30英里处塞拉姆小镇上的迪美博物馆内的荫余堂，疫情期间需要提前预约，而且只对公众开放两层楼中的第一层。荫余堂内保存有很多的民国和解放初期的旧器物，包括石磨、脸盆、帽筒、笔桶、茶叶罐、虎子、脚盆、木桶、台灯、枕头、热水瓶等等等等，代表了那个时代，虽然在中国这样的旧房屋几十年前或许比比皆是，可是现在能够完整保存下来的应该不多，仍然很值得一看。其中的一把民国旧茶壶，就在下面这张旧照片中的桌子下面。

这把旧茶壶，仍然在荫余堂中展览，不过被放在了一个桌子的上面。而且在市面上，已经有这把茶壶的山寨版：虽然不能惟妙，但也做到了惟肖。

WORKING UNDER THE ASSUMPTION THAT IT WAS PART OF THE ORIGINAL OPENING OF THE YIN YU TANG HOUSE EXHIBIT AT THE PEABODY ESSEX MUSEUM IN SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS.

除了荫余堂之外，迪美博物馆最值得一看的是它的外销瓷。可是在博物馆内近距离观察，远不如在在网上欣赏的全面和真切。例如下面这三把漂亮的福建德化瓷茶壶，根本不在博物馆里的精品瓷器展览之列。而上了墙的精品瓷器，只可仰视，不可近观。想到博物馆一睹芳容的，多半会乘兴而来失望而归。

Teapot, about 1640，Porcelain，H: 7 1/2 in, W: 6 5/8 in, D: 5/14 in (H: 19.0 cm, W: 16.8 cm, D: .9 cm)，Museum purchase, 1994，E84078.2AB
One of a pair of hexagonal shaped teapots. It has six panels depicting various flowers in relief. The flowers are gardenia, plum, and chrysanthemum. It has a bail handle joined front to back with steep spout. The lid have Buddha lion knobs. Each pot rests on tripod feet. Transitional period.
Teapot, 1680-1700，Porcelain, silver, gilt，Fukien, China，H: 7 3/8 in, L: 6 1/2 in, D: 5 in (H: 18.7 cm, L: 16.5 cm, D: 12.7 cm)，Museum purchase, 1990，E82868.AB

This is a Blanc de Chine teapot with a stationary upright handle. There are period European silver gilt mounts on the handle with two chain attachments to the finial. There is a hinged mount on the spout with a shell shaped thumb piece. The mounts are made in the form of a scrolled feather or leaf design. The finial is attached with a nut and bolt.

得以在瓷器墙上面展出的三把德化瓷茶壶，是下面这几款。其中的一把，是中西合璧中欧混血：

Teapot, about 1690，Porcelain，Dehua, China，H: 3 1/2 in, W: 5 1/2 in, D: 3 3/8 in (H: 8.9 cm, W: 14.0 cm, D: 8.6 cm)，Porcelain with enameling by artist in Europe. Gift of Elizabeth MaCall Cain, 1991. E83112.AB. This porcelain teapot is spherical or pomegranate shaped on a star-shaped foot. The handle is molded. There is a shorter spout at an unusual angle, a twig handle and a finial. European style flowers and chicken in colors and gilt. The teapot has a one hole strainer.

Teapot, about 1690， Porcelain， Dehua, China， H: 3 3/4 in, W: 5 1/4 in (H: 9.5 cm, W: 13.3 cm)。Museum purchase with funds donated by the AEA Visiting Committee, 1999， AE85679.AB。This is a porcelain covered teapot. The body in the form of a pomegranate, the base forming the stem, the handle of applied branch form with attached twigs and leaves. The cover is of similar design.

Ewer in the Form of a Cockerel, about 1690，Porcelain, silver，China，H: 8 7/8 in, W: 6 1/4 in, D: 3 1/2 in (H: 22.5 cm, W: 15.9 cm, D: 8.9 cm)，Museum purchase, 1994，E84077。DESCRIPTION：This is a Dehua ware ewer in the form of a crowing cockerel with an open beak for pouring and a chained lid on the tail for filling. The chain and rim are trimmed with English silver-gilt mounts. The silver-gilt lid handle is made in the form of a chick. Overall form is textured with feathers and a nest-shaped base, two halves joined at center seam.

下面这一把茶壶，也是在博物馆里特设的瓷器墙上面展出的。博物馆里的介绍，是同光时期生产的广彩细密茶壶，1865-70.这把茶壶，是2010年的Gift of Richard Lowell Biggs, in memory of Isabel Lowell and Robert Goodhue Biggs。编号E74158.1AB.

Teapot, 1865-1870, Porcelain, China. This teapot and cover are part of a child's tea set in a Mandarin pattern. Each piece of this set is decorated with different courtly figural scenes in rose palette and gilt enamels. The owner, whose nickname "Lizzie" appears on each piece, was Elizabeth Hunt Tuttle (1857-1906) of Salem, Massachusetts, grandmother of the donor. In Memory of Isabel Lowell and Robert Goodhue Biggs, 2010, E74158.1AB

可是这一把茶壶，在博物馆里是落单和别的瓷器一起展出的，没有成套展出，不做点研究，便难知其全貌。

Teacup and saucer, part of a child's tea set in a Mandarin pattern. Each piece of this set is decorated with different courtly figural scenes in rose palette and gilt enamels. The owner, whose nickname "Lizzie" appears on each piece, was Elizabeth Hunt Tuttle (1857-1906) of Salem, Massachusetts, grandmother of the donor.

自然，瓷器墙上的外销瓷茶壶展品中，约有一半的是宜兴紫砂，但看不出好在哪里：

Teapot, 18th century，Stoneware，Yixing, China，H: 3 3/4 in, W: 8 5/8 in (H: 9.5 cm, W: 21.9 cm)，Gift of George Curwen, before 1900，361，DESCRIPTION，This is a six sided teapot with an impressed design around the opening. The handle of the lid is formed with a lion chasing a silk ball motif. There is no glaze or color. Further Remarks: Originally owned by Joshua Ward (1699-1790) of Salem, Massachusetts.
Teapot, early 19th century，Ceramic, stoneware，Yixing, China，Gift of Mr. Edward Sylvester Morse, 1888。E2500.AB，INSCRIPTION，Inscribed writing on one side.(see #E2500 for image)，DESCRIPTION，This is a fine stoneware pottery teapot with a round gourd like body with feet like nuts, small nuts around top, and a cover taking the form of an inverted mushroom.
Ewer (phoenix), about 1700，Stoneware，Yixing, China，Museum purchase with funds from the AEA Visiting Committee, 2007，AE86563.AB。A stoneware ewer in the shape of a phoenix. Further Remrks: The form of the Yixing stoneware ewer is that of a phoenix (feng huang), a mixture of a pheasant and a peacock, a bird that appeared in times of peace and prosperity, and was an emblem of the Empress of China and consequently an emblem of femininity. The long tail curls under the body to form the handle, with the lid is in the form of a pearl rising from the waves of the sea. The ball may also represent the sun rising out of the sea as the phoenix was considered the product of the sun or of fire and is often pictured gazing on a ball of fire. The two fold term feng huang might be rendered as ‘crested love pheasants.’ These are often identified as teapots although they may equally have been used for wine, or even made entirely for decorative purposes. This is the among the more graceful of the published examples, with its high arching neck, finely swirled head feathers, and a highly vitrified body that results in a sheen not seen on what may be later and less refined versions.
Teapot, 1690-1710，Gold, silver, stoneware, ceramic，China，H: 5 1/8 in, W: 5 5/8 in, D: 3 1/4 in (H: 13.0 cm, W: 14.3 cm, D: 8.3 cm)，Gift of the Chinese Porcelain Company, 1996，E85220.AB，DESCRIPTION，This is a hexagonal shaped teapot with a raised lip and cover. The object has a short, steep spout and regular handle. Six recessed fork panels with abstract design. Dutch silver mounts of man and two animals on lid, handle, and spout respectively, joined by chain.
Teapot, about 1750，Stoneware, metal，Yixing, China，H: 6 1/2 in, W: 10 in, D: 6 3/8 in (H: 16.5 cm, W: 25.4 cm, D: 16.2 cm)，Museum purchase, 1995，E85049.AB，DESCRIPTION：This is a stoneware teapot and cover made in a spherical form with branch-form handle and spout, topped by a flat cover pierced with small hole beheath a branch-form knop, attached to handle with a metal chain mount. The work is finely molded on either side with a trailing grape vine bearing fruit and large leaves. The cover has two leafy branches.
Teapot, 1680-1720，Stoneware, copper, gold, enamel，Yixing, China，H: 4 in, W: 5 in (H: 10.2 cm, W: 12.7 cm)，Museum purchase with funds from the Screen Fund, 1991，E83031.AB，DESCRIPTION：This is a hexagonal Yixing stoneware teapot decorated with relief designs. The finial and handle mounts are made with gold ornamented with pearls, enameling and a chain to the handle. The lid is European red ware, probably Dutch.
Kendi, about 1710，Stoneware，Yixing, China，H: 6 5/8 in, W: 4 in (H: 16.8 cm, W: 10.2 cm)，Museum purchase with funds from the AEA Visiting Committee, 1995，E85030，DESCRIPTION：Stoneware vessel of round shape with extended neck in center and pouring spout in shape of griffin or other mythological animal on side. Entire surface covered with applied floral decoration of prunus, peony, bamboo; ruyi border at base and mouth of neck.
Teapot, mid-17th century，Stoneware。China，H: 4 5/8 in, W: 6 3/4 in, D: 3 5/8 in (H: 11.7 cm, W: 17.1 cm, D: 9.2 cm)，Gift of Harriet Carlton Goldweitz, 2001，AE85972.AB，DESCRIPTION：This is a stoneware, Yixing teapot with European silver gilt mounts.

可是下面的这几把制作精美的乾隆和嘉庆年间生产的外销瓷茶壶，则没有那么幸运了：

Teapot, about 1750。Ceramic, porcelain，China，H: 5 1/4 in, dia.: 4 1/2 in (H: 13.3 cm, dia.: 11.4 cm)，Gift of Mr. Harry T. Peters, Jr. and Mrs. Charles D. Webster in memory of their mother, Natalie Wells Peters, 1977，E80228.AB，SPECIAL COLLECTION，China Trade Museum Collection。DESCRIPTION：Rose palette teapot and cover; mythological scene of 'Judgement of Paris,' after an unidentified European print; painted over a lotus form lobed body and lid; coil handle; straight spout; "Scene depicts Paris offering the golden apple to the goddess of his choice, Aphrodite, who is about to accept, while her sisters, Hera and Athena, look on in disappointment and Cupid seems about to pluck the last vestige of a robe from her," (from Howard and Ayers). Design based on an unidentified print, or possibly a painting by Peter Paul Rubens.
Teapot, about 1765，Porcelain，China，H: 5 5/8 in, W: 7 1/2 in, D: 4 3/8 in (H: 14.3 cm, W: 19.0 cm, D: 11.1 cm)。Gift of Elizabeth McCall Cain, 1991，E83336.AB，DESCRIPTION：This porcelain teapot is spherical with a semi-domed lid and a pointed finial. There is a molded hooked handle and a fish molded spout. The work depicts the Resurrection of Christ in colors and ink with a narrow ink and gilt band border. The object has a three hole strainer.
Teapot, 18th century，Ceramic, porcelain，China，H: 5 1/8 in, W: 7 1/4 in, D: 2 1/2 in (H: 13.0 cm, W: 18.4 cm, D: 6.3 cm)，Museum purchase, 1979，E80848.AB，SPECIAL COLLECTION，China Trade Museum Collection，DESCRIPTION：Teapot with underglaze blue decorated on a pale blue background. The decoration has a country scene in the background, the remainder of the decoration has been clobbered, consisting of black floral designs outlined in gilt with bunches of iron red blossoms in between an iron red clobbered feather over an underglaze blue design on the handle. The cover has underglaze blue floral designs.
Teapot, about 1785，Porcelain，China，H: 4 1/2 in, W: 9 1/2 in, D: 5 1/2 in (H: 11.4 cm, W: 24.1 cm, D: 14.0 cm)。Musuem purchase with partial funds from the Screen Fund, 1991。E83352.AB。Rose palette monogrammed teapot and cover with a cypher containing letters spelling Sir Joshua Reynolds for whom the service was made. The teapot is a drum form, has cross double-strap handles, and a fitzhugh-type border. The cover has an acorn finial.
Teapot, about 1795，Ceramic, porcelain，Asia, China，H: 7 1/2 in, W: 14 in, D: 8 in (H: 19.0 cm, W: 35.6 cm, D: 20.3 cm)，Gift of Elizabeth McCall Cain, 1991，E83334.AB，DESCRIPTION，Very large drum shaped teapot with a flat lid with a litchi nut finial. Twisted double strap handles with gilt antefixes and a straight spout. Overall blue enamel with the initials EH in large oval gilt floral reserve with four floral sprays around. There is a gilt interlocking coins border, outer scallop and dot. The teapot has a seven hole strainer.
Coffee pot, about 1800，Porcelain，China，H: 9 3/4 in, W: 9 1/2 in, D: 3 7/8 in (H: 24.8 cm, W: 24.1 cm, D: 9.8 cm)，Museum Purchase, 2001，AE85975.AB，DESCRIPTION：This is a London-decorated Chinese export coffee pot and cover painted in sepia with scenes taken from engravings of 'Venus clipping cupid's wings' and 'Diana taking Cupid's bow ', representing sensual and spiritual love. The spout and sides with elaborate gilt scrolls, beneath near classical swags of gold.

Teapot, about 1805，Porcelain，China，H: 6 1/8 in, W: 8 7/8 in, D: 4 5/8 in (H: 15.6 cm, W: 22.5 cm, D: 11.7 cm)。Gift of Mr. Charles M. Little, 1976，E56183.AB，DESCRIPTION：A blue and white teapot and lid in a blue and white pattern. The teapot is edged in gold with gilt floral patterns at the spout and gilding at the finial.

因为有更精美的六把外销瓷茶壶或净瓶和一把德国梅森的茶壶在墙上。还有一把日本茶壶，也比较受关注。其中的一把雍正外销瓷茶壶，画片是荷兰著名画家（Cornelis Pronk 1691-1759）设计的四博士图样，在景德镇加工定制的。

Teapot after a design by Cornelis Pronk, Jingdezhen, China, c. 1738, porcelain - Peabody Essex Museum - Salem, MA
The central design of this dish is known as “The Four Doctors”or “The Four Doctors’Visit to the Emperor”and is considered the most artistic of the four designs of Cornelis Pronk.
Teapot, 1700-1730，Ceramic, porcelain, gilded bronze，Jingdezhen, China, Asia，H: 4 3/4 in, W: 3 3/8 in (H: 12.1 cm, W: 8.6 cm)，Mrs. Charles D. Webster, 1977，E80203.AB。SPECIAL COLLECTION，China Trade Museum Collection。DESCRIPTION，This porcelain teapot takes the shape of bundled bamboo stalks, while the green, yellow, and black enamels evoke the colors of living bamboo. The work has European gold mounts; bamboo stalk shape with flowers. Green, yellow and grey background; black and green handle and spout. The cover is attached with a gold chain.

Jug, about 1805，Ceramic, porcelain，China，H: 29.00 cm (H: 11.4 in)，Gift of Mrs. Francis B. Crowninshield, 1953，E50557.AB，DESCRIPTION：Cider jug and cover decorated on dexter with a brig flying an American flag in calm water. The same brig in foul weather is on the sinister side of spout. The cover has a dog on top. The stern board of the brig has an indecipherable, possibly Dutch, name on it.
Chocolate pot, about 1786，Porcelain，China，H: 8 3/8 in, W: 8 1/2 in (H: 21.3 cm, W: 21.6 cm)，Gift of Mrs. Robert Gannett, 1986，E75064.AB。INSCRIPTION：motto "Spero", monogram "EHD". DESCRIPTION：Armorial chocolate pot decorated in ink color under the spout and opposite the spout with an allegorical figure of Hope standing beside an anchor above a banderole inscribed with the motto "Spero" and issuing scrolled leaf and grasses in ink color and gold. Above the spout and opposite the spout a gilt oval band containing the monogram "EHD" for Elias Hasket Derby. Corn husk chain borders in alternating gilt and blue enamel on the lid and shoulder of the pot.

Kendi (elephant pouring vessel), late 16th century，Porcelain，Jingdezhen, China，H: 7 7/8 in, W: 7 1/2 in, D: 3 7/8 in (H: 20.0 cm, W: 19.0 cm, D: 9.8 cm)，Museum Purchase, 2004，AE86475。DESCRIPTION：This is a blue and white glazed, elephant shaped porcelain figure.

Kendi (frog), 1573-1619，Porcelain，Jingdezhen, China，H: 6 7/8 in, W: 7 in, D: 5 1/8 in (H: 17.5 cm, W: 17.8 cm, D: 13.0 cm)，Gift of Mrs. Lammot du Pont Copeland, 1992，E83882，DESCRIPTION：The term "kendi" comes from the Sanskrit word kundika, a bottle used in Buddhist and Hindu religious ceremonies. This porcelain kendi is made into the zoomorphic form of a frog with a tall narrow neck and flaring rim. Frog crouches (molded and painted body) and looks forward wwith head raised. Center of mouth forms a short spout, eyes molded. Neck decorated with bamboo and rockwork with bird. From body with flower heads on a dotted blue-wash ground.

一起失落的，还有下面这几把康熙和顺治年间的仿生茶壶：

Teapot, 1662-1722，Porcelain，China，H: 5 1/2 in, W: 6 in (H: 14.0 cm, W: 15.2 cm)，Gift of the Estate of Mrs. Lammot du Pont Copeland, 2001，AE85903.2AB，DESCRIPTION：This is one of two similar Chinese export sancai kanoshi decorated teapots in the form of roosters in yellow, green and aubergine. With lily pad lids and chicks finials.
Teapot, 1715-1722，Ceramic, porcelain，China，H: 4 3/8 in, W: 5 7/8 in, D: 2 in (H: 11.1 cm, W: 14.9 cm, D: 5.1 cm)。Museum purchase, 1976，E80136.AB，SPECIAL COLLECTION，China Trade Museum Collection，DESCRIPTION：Lobed teapot with cover. Underglaze of blue and red designs with some gilt of roosters sparring beneath a bush. Design of red and blue leaves around neck and around finial of lid. Blue finial and small red designs beneath ring of leaves on lid. Ridge where molded pieces were joined quite prominent in middle of body.
Ewer in the Form of a Cat, 1573-1619，Porcelain，China，H: 7 3/4 in, W: 5 in, D: 3 in (H: 19.7 cm, W: 12.7 cm, D: 7.6 cm)，Museum purchase, 1994，E84091。DESCRIPTION：This fanciful ewer is made in the form of a sitting tiger or cat with pricked ears, moulded eyes, claws, and tail. The figure has a mouth with a round opening forming the spout, handle set in back. Breast of tiger is kept in white with blue half-moon shaped ornament and diaper pattern at base. The animal is painted with various stripes to depict the fur of a tiger.
Ewer, 1580-1590，Porcelain, wood，Jingdezhen, China，H: 7 7/8 in, W: 6 5/8 in, D: 2 1/2 in (H: 20.0 cm, W: 16.8 cm, D: 6.3 cm)，Museum purchase, 1996，AE85328。DESCRIPTION：Underglaze blue ewer in the form of an upright crayfish holding spout in two front claws. An opening behind the head serves as mouth, curved handle at back. Rock border with tall flowers at base. Gold lacquer wood cover. Made for the Persian or Islamic market.