3 H# T0 D& ]& E* n9 p6 OBirmingham School (economics)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 9 m1 X! O) x- c0 T1 Z & w: j6 A/ @! d3 P0 D( D9 C2 KJump to: navigation, search 8 F+ D! |* F$ g: F+ |$ X6 t
The Birmingham School was a school of economic thought that emerged in Birmingham, England during the early nineteenth century, specifically in the Post-Napoleonic depression that affected England 1815–30, following the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815. ' \) H& k9 y+ _" G: R9 {% ?Arguing an underconsumptionist theory – specifically, attributing the depression to the fall in demand due to the end of the wars and end of war mobilization – Birmingham School economists opposed the gold standard and advocated the use of an expansionary monetary policy to achieve full employment.3 j, T8 q$ c0 K" L- I) W0 ]3 M
The leading thinker and spokesman for the Birmingham School was the banker Thomas Attwood. Other notable figures included George Frederick Muntz and Thomas Attwood's brother Matthias Attwood. Economists who lent the Birmingham School some support included Arthur Young, Patrick Colquhoun and Sir John Sinclair.[1] - Q0 E. H# l3 `' _# x# p3 jDismissed at the time as "currency cranks" or "crude inflationists", the theories of the Birmingham School are now recognized as embryonic versions of the Keynesian economics of the 1930s.[2] Some of Attwood's writings contain formulations of the multiplier effect and an income-expenditure model.[3]Joseph Schumpeter, in his 1954 History of Economic Analysis wrote that "it is from these writings that any study of modern ideas on monetary management ought to start".[4] 0 L# o: e0 E' S0 b: d t- b% j : l5 X y# W* X) O6 i. O: |4 @
# H1 L4 f/ ], e8 R! f; B o
$ g+ n1 b4 C8 p% p 作者: darkingwing 时间: 2011-6-26 17:22 回复 万里风中虎 的帖子' C- s2 Q0 I* {" u6 \9 m0 R
: Y9 |+ i1 M9 u+ `3 m# v# d经济危机只是表现了人类追求稳定繁荣的目的与经济状况实际的背离，至于为什么背离...讨论这个问题无法脱开具体的社会结构和历史现实...只是想说，这个问题不可能有一劳永逸的解答...作者: 万里风中虎 时间: 2011-6-26 19:48 本帖最后由 万里风中虎 于 2011-6-26 19:57 编辑 ( z5 M* |1 M. b& h
3 k8 P$ m9 \, A 回复 darkingwing 的帖子* _9 Q2 m$ C. r
# ~, ]) ^2 K% R# e完全同意，这就好像人性的弱点不可能完全克服，否则就不能称其为“人”。经济危机就是人的个体理性和群体理性的不完美的表现。. H# W6 J$ k3 L" R) e
8 Q( C. y3 V* O/ Y9 ?
凡是企图消灭经济危机的企图，其实就是消灭不完美的人性，比如说共产主义既要求物质极大丰富又要求人的道德像圣徒一样纯洁，简单的说就是“虚伪”二字而已；) ?: y7 e$ m( j9 k2 f8 A3 g
9 P9 Y, Z: l6 O7 d+ p7 R" i l
人民公社一大二公用公有制的方法来抵御社会，自然，和世界的风险，开始是好的，一旦失去了人性中的自愿原则后，立刻酿成了人类历史上最重大的灾难之一，也是最大的经济危机之一，其恶劣的影响延续到现在；1 Z/ u4 ?" f. |; G& F: ~. R
0 _( X/ f- K! R: \: C3 U