官方消息：F-35战机现正交付时不带雷达 - 爱吱声

Weekly insights and analysis on the latest developments in military technology, strategy, and foreign policy.

每周洞察与分析军事技术、战略和外交政策的最新发展。

The U.S. military has now confirmed the acceptance of at least six F-35 Joint Strike Fighters for the U.S. Marine Corps without radars. This is due to issues tied to the development of the new AN/APG-85 radar, the first production lot of which is scheduled to be delivered in 2028. The prospect of radarless F-35s had first emerged publicly back in February. The AN/APG-85 is a critical component of the larger Block 4 upgrade package for all variants of the F-35, an effort that has been mired in cost growth and delays.

美国军方现已证实，已接收至少六架没有雷达的F-35联合攻击战斗机，供美国海军陆战队使用。这是由于与新型AN/APG-85雷达的研发有关的问题，该雷达的首批生产批次计划于2028年交付。没有雷达的F-35战斗机的情况最早在2月份公开曝光。AN/APG-85是F-35所有型号更大规模的Block 4升级套件的关键组件，而这一升级工作一直深陷成本增长和进度延迟的困境。

Marine Corps Lt. Gen. Gregory Masiello, head of the F-35 Joint Program Office (JPO), disclosed the acceptance of the six radarless F-35Bs at a hearingbefore members of the Senate Armed Services Committee earlier this week. This came as part of a larger back-and-forth between Masiello and Senator Mark Kelly, an Arizona Democrat and a retired naval aviator, about F-35 readiness rates across the U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy, which have long been a point of concern.

美国海军陆战队中将、F-35联合项目办公室（JPO）负责人格雷戈里·马西埃洛本周早些时候在参议院军事委员会成员面前的听证会上透露，已接收了6架没有雷达的F-35B战机。这是马西埃洛与亚利桑那州民主党参议员、退役海军飞行员马克·凯利就美国空军、海军陆战队和海军的F-35战机战备率进行的一系列讨论的一部分，该问题长期以来一直是人们关注的焦点。

Two weeks ago, the Government Accountability Office (GAO), a Congressional watchdog, released a reportstating that the average F-35 full mission capable (FMC) rate across all variants had fallen from 38 to 25 percent between Fiscal Years 2020 and 2025. GAO defines FMC as an aircraft “that can perform all of its missions.” The F-35 JPO has not disputed GAO’s figures directly, but has openly disagreed with the methodology it uses to determine FMC.

两周前，国会监督机构政府问责局（GAO）发布了一份报告，称在2020财年至2025财年期间，所有型号F-35战斗机的平均全任务能力（FMC）率从38%降至25%。GAO将FMC定义为“能够执行所有任务”的飞机。F-35联合项目办公室（JPO）没有直接质疑GAO的数据，但公开不同意其确定FMC的方法。

The full breakdown of Full Mission Capable (FMC) readiness rates between Fiscal Years 2020 and 2025 for all F-35 variants included the report GAO released two weeks ago. GAO

两周前美国政府问责局（GAO）发布的报告中包含了2020财年至2025财年所有F-35型号的全任务能力（FMC）准备率的详细分类情况。美国政府问责局（GAO）

“So, the GAO FMC rate is, they said, 25 percent. Your office claims it’s 56 percent,” Kelly said, leading up to his question. “We’ll go with your number, 50 percent. So, half of the airplanes are not fully mission capable, and I think it’s the Marine Corps that has been accepting airplanes with no radar in it. Is that correct?”

“他们说，美国政府问责局（GAO）的飞机完全任务能力（FMC）率是25%。而你们办公室称是56%，”凯利在提出问题前说道，“我们就采用你们的数据，50%。也就是说，一半的飞机不具备完全任务能力，而且我记得是海军陆战队接收了没有雷达的飞机，对吗？”

“We have accepted six aircraft for the Marine Corps that do not have a radar installed. That is correct,” Masiello confirmed.

“我们已经接收了六架没有安装雷达的海军陆战队飞机。情况属实，”马西埃洛证实道。

Kelly then asked if this was due to a lack of available AN/APG-85 radars, which Masiello also confirmed.

凯利随后询问这是否是由于AN/APG-85雷达供应不足所致，马西埃洛也证实了这一点。

Reports circulating already saythat the aircraft in question are reportedly short takeoff and vertical landing-capable F-35Bs, though Masiello does not appear to have confirmed this during the hearing. The Marines are the only U.S. operator of the B variant, but they also fly carrier-based C models.

报道已经流传说，据报道，这些飞机是短距离起飞和垂直着陆的F-35B，尽管马西洛在听证会上似乎没有证实这一点。海军陆战队是美国唯一的B型运营商，但他们也飞行基于航母的C型飞机。

US Marine Corps F-35Bs. USMC

美国海军陆战队的F-35B战机。美国海军陆战队

A US Marine Corps F-35C seen on the deck of the US Navy’s Nimitz class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln . CENTCOM

美国海军尼米兹级航空母舰亚伯拉罕·林肯号上的美国海军陆战队F-35C战机。中央司令部

“The Block 4 modernization program is necessary to ensure that the Marine Corps and Joint Force can continue to project air superiority against future threats,” a Marine Corps spokesperson told TWZ today when asked for more information. “The Department of War deliberately undertook a highly concurrent development and production program for Block 4 capabilities (Technical Refresh 3 (TR-3), APG-85, etc.) and the largest fighter aircraft production line in the world. DoW officials made this decision with full understanding of the risk of having production aircraft ready ahead of the Block 4 capabilities. The Services’ decision ensured that production aircraft could accept Block 4 capabilities, rather than continuing to build Block 3 F-35s that would require extensive retrofit for Block 4 capabilities, thereby saving multiple years of retrofit hardware installation. ”

“Block 4现代化计划对于确保海军陆战队和联合部队能够继续在面对未来威胁时保持空中优势是必要的，”一名海军陆战队发言人在今天被要求提供更多信息时告诉*《TWZ》*。“国防部特意开展了一项高度并行的Block 4能力（技术更新3（TR-3）、APG-85等）开发和生产计划，以及世界上最大的战斗机生产线。国防部官员在充分了解生产型飞机在Block 4能力之前准备就绪的风险的情况下做出了这一决定。各军种的决定确保了生产型飞机能够接受Block 4能力，而不是继续建造需要对Block 4能力进行大规模改装的Block 3 F-35，从而节省了多年的改装硬件安装时间。”

The Marine Corps deferred any further questions to the F-35 JPO. TWZ had already reached out to that office for more information, as well.

海军陆战队将任何进一步的问题都转交给了F-35联合项目办公室。*《TWZ》*也已经联系了该办公室以获取更多信息。

“F-35 Lightning II aircraft are being built to accommodate the F-35 advanced radar (APG-85) for U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps. When delivered, the F-35 with APG-85 will provide unmatched capability against current and future threats. Initial fielding for some F-35 aircraft is planned for Lot 17,” the F-35 JPO previously told TWZ in May when asked for an update on the radar situation. “The Program in coordination with the Services deliberately undertook a highly concurrent development and production program for advanced capabilities. This decision was made with full understanding of the risk of having production aircraft ready ahead of the capabilities.”

“F-35‘闪电II’战机正在建造中，以适配美国空军、海军和海军陆战队的F-35先进雷达（APG-85）。交付后，配备APG-85的F-35战机将具备应对当前和未来威胁的无与伦比的能力。部分F-35战机的初始部署计划在第17批次进行，”F-35联合项目办公室（JPO）在5月被问及雷达情况的最新进展时告诉*《战区》杂志*。“该项目与各军种协调，特意开展了一项高度并行的先进能力研发和生产计划。做出这一决定时，充分考虑到了生产型战机在能力成熟之前就准备就绪的风险。”

A view of Lockheed Martin’s F-35 production line. Lockheed Martin

洛克希德·马丁公司F-35生产线的景象。洛克希德·马丁公司

“The program has plans to accelerate APG-85 production capacity to deliver radars that meet capability, stability, and maintainability requirements needed to meet emerging threats,” the office added at that time. “F-35s with APG-85 radars, actual modernization plans, capabilities, and schedules remain classified to maintain program security.”

“该项目计划加快APG-85的产能，以交付满足应对新兴威胁所需的性能、稳定性和可维护性要求的雷达，”该办公室当时补充道。“配备APG-85雷达的F-35战机、实际的现代化计划、性能和时间表仍处于保密状态，以维护项目安全。”

The F-35 JPO had provided TWZ with a similar statement when asked about whether radarless F-35s were already being accepted back in February.

当被问及无雷达的F-35战机是否早在2月就已被接收时，F-35联合项目办公室（JPO）向*《战区》杂志（TWZ）*提供了类似声明。

In February, the U.S. Air Force also explicitly deniedreceiving F-35As without radars. There is no confirmation yet that the F-35 JPO has accepted any Joint Strike Fighters for the Air Force or the Navy without radars. Previous reportshave said that foreign customers are not expected to be impacted at all, at least in the near-term, since none of them are currently in line to receive AN/APG-85-equipped jets.

2月，美国空军也明确否认接收过没有雷达的F-35A战机。目前尚无证据表明F-35联合项目办公室（JPO）已接收过任何没有雷达的空军或海军联合攻击战斗机。此前的报道称，外国客户预计至少在短期内不会受到任何影响，因为目前没有一家在接收配备AN/APG-85雷达战机的队列中。

Today, the standard radar in use on F-35A, B, and C variants is the AN/APG-81, an active electronically scanned array (AESA) type with air-to-air and air-to-ground modes that traces its roots back to the 1990s. It also has a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mode, which allows it to produce high-resolution map-like images. These can be used for target acquisition and identification, as well as general reconnaissance purposes.

如今，F-35A、B和C型战机使用的标准雷达是AN/APG-81，这是一种有源电子扫描阵列（AESA）雷达，具备空对空和空对地模式，其技术根源可追溯到20世纪90年代。它还拥有合成孔径雷达（SAR）模式，能够生成高分辨率的地图式图像。这些图像可用于目标捕获和识别，以及一般的侦察任务。

A Lockheed Martin briefing slide giving a general overview of the capabilities the APG-81 provides the F-35. Lockheed Martin

洛克希德·马丁公司的一份简报幻灯片，概述了APG-81为F-35提供的能力。洛克希德·马丁公司

Examples of the existing APG-81’s SAR mapping capability. Lockheed Martin

现有APG-81的SAR测绘能力示例。洛克希德·马丁公司

Details about the new AN/APG-85, which Northrop Grumman is developing, continue to be limited. At the hearing this week, Lt. Gen. Masiello declined to talk about its specific capabilities in an unclassified setting.

诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司正在研发的新型AN/APG-85的相关细节仍然有限。在本周的听证会上，马西埃洛中将拒绝在非保密场合谈论其具体性能。

The AN/APG-85 is also an AESA design, and is expected to offer an array of new and improved functionality compared to the AN/APG-81. As TWZ has previously noted, it will also just be able to leverage decades of additional general technological advancements since its predecessor was developed. In general, the use of gallium nitride (GaN) has had a major impact on modern radar developmentswhen it comes to physical size, weight, and power requirements.

AN/APG-85也是一款有源电子扫描阵列（AESA）设计，预计与AN/APG-81相比，将提供一系列新的和改进的功能。正如TWZ之前所指出的，自其前身研发以来，它还能够利用数十年的额外通用技术进步。一般来说，氮化镓（GaN）的使用对现代雷达发展在物理尺寸、重量和功率要求方面产生了重大影响。

It should also be noted that the AN/APG-81 is deeply integrated with the F-35’s extensive electronic warfare capabilities, as well as other sensorsand facets of the design. The AN/APG-85 is similarly expected to fuse together with other key elements of the Block 4 upgrade package, especially a planned new electronic warfare suite, which we will come back to later on.

还应注意的是，AN/APG-81与F-35的广泛电子战能力深度集成，同时也与其他传感器以及设计的其他方面深度集成。同样，预计AN/APG-85将与Block 4升级套件的其他关键要素融合在一起，特别是计划中的新型电子战套件，我们稍后会再详细介绍。

Another briefing slide offering a general overview of the fusion of sensors and other systems on existing F-35s. Lockheed Martin

另一张简报幻灯片，概述了现有F-35战机上传感器与其他系统的融合情况。洛克希德·马丁公司

As the F-35 JPO noted in its statement in May, the plan had been to start integrating the AN/APG-85 onto F-35s starting with production Lot 17. Deliveries of aircraft from that lot began last year. However, per official budget documents released earlier this year, the first production AN/APG-85s are not expected to be delivered before April 2028. This would actually be a nine-month improvementon the much-delayed delivery timeline for the new radars, the unit cost of which is currently pegged at nearly $9 million.

正如F-35联合项目办公室（JPO）在5月份的声明中所指出的，原计划从第17批次生产开始将AN/APG-85集成到F-35上。该批次飞机的交付已于去年开始。然而，根据今年早些时候发布的官方预算文件，首批量产的AN/APG-85预计要到2028年4月才会交付。这实际上将是9个月的改进，相比新雷达严重延迟的交付时间表，目前其单位成本固定在近900万美元。

A compounding factor here is that the hardware used to mount the AN/APG-85 on the F-35 is not backwards compatible with the AN/APG-81. According to a report last year from Breaking Defense, the Joint Strike Fighter’s prime contractor, Lockheed Martin, has reportedly at least raised the possibility of developing a common mounting solution, but also said that this would not be ready before Lot 20 aircraft start being delivered. The first Lot 20 jets are not expected to arrive until sometime between 2027 and 2028.

这里的一个复杂因素是，用于在F-35上安装AN/APG-85的硬件与AN/APG-81不具备向后兼容性。据去年的一份《Breaking Defense》报道，联合攻击战斗机的主承包商洛克希德·马丁公司至少提出了开发通用安装解决方案的可能性，但也表示在第20批次飞机开始交付之前，该方案不会准备就绪。预计首批第20批次战机要到2027年至2028年之间的某个时间才会抵达。

A row of APG-81 radars. Northrop Grumman

一排APG-81雷达。诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司

How the Marine Corps, or any other service, might utilize its radarless F-35s in the meantime is unknown. This was among our queries to the Marines today.

在此期间，海军陆战队或其他军种可能如何使用其无雷达的F-35战机尚不清楚。这是我们今天向海军陆战队提出的问题之一。

“The currently fielded Block 3 (TR-2) F-35 Lightning II is the most capable fighter in the world today, having proven its capabilities in combat,” the Marine Corps spokesperson added in their statement. “Its advanced mission systems enable the F-35 to deter, and if necessary, dominate in any clime and place.”

海军陆战队发言人在声明中补充道：“目前部署的Block 3（TR-2）F-35闪电II战斗机是当今世界上最具作战能力的战斗机，已在实战中证明了其能力。其先进的任务系统使F-35能够威慑敌人，必要时在任何环境和地点占据主导地位。”

Senator Kelly also prodded Lt. Gen. Masiello about this, indirectly, at the hearing this week.

本周的听证会上，参议员凯利也间接地就此事向中将马西埃洛发问。

“So, I assume that those airplanes can’t count as fully mission capable with no radar?” Kelly asked the JPO head.

“那么，我想那些没有雷达的飞机不能算作具备完全任务能力吧？”凯利问联合项目办公室负责人。

“I don’t think I would count them as fully mission capable,” Masiello said in response.

“我认为不能将它们算作具备完全执行任务的能力，”马西埃洛回应道。

“You say you don’t think. I can’t imagine a scenario where an F-35 with no radar could be an FMC airplane,” Kelly retorted, which Masiello did not push back on.

“你说你不这么认为。我无法想象一架没有雷达的F-35怎么可能是具备飞行管理能力（FMC）的飞机，”凯利反驳道，马西埃洛没有进行反驳。

A US Air Force F-35A heads out on a sortie in support of Operation Epic Fury against Iran in March 2026. USAF

2026年3月，一架美国空军的F-35A战机出动执行任务，以支持针对伊朗的“史诗狂怒行动”。美国空军

TWZ has previously noted that F-35s without radars would not be completely useless, but their capabilities and survivability would certainly be severely degraded. As we previously wrote:

*《战区》*此前曾指出，没有雷达的F-35并非完全无用，但它们的作战能力和生存能力肯定会严重下降。正如我们之前所写的那样：

“ As long as one F-35 in a formation has a radar, all of the other aircraft in said group should be able to benefit from the data it provides via their Multifunction Advanced Data Links**(MADL). As such, even without a radar installed, a Joint Strike Fighter would not be without F-35-derived radar data if at least one other was flying cooperatively with it within MADL’s transmission reach. “

“只要编队中的一架F-35配备雷达，该编队中的其他所有飞机都应能够通过其*多功能先进数据链**（MADL）从其提供的数据中受益。因此，即使没有安装雷达，只要至少有另一架F-35在MADL的传输范围内与其协同飞行，联合攻击战斗机也不会缺少源自F-35的雷达数据。*”

“ It is possible that radar-less jets could be sent into combat, at least in an emergency scenario, though doing so would still require accepting greater risks. It would limit tactical flexibility, as well, since remaining linked together with other radar-equipped jets would be key. Those jets would also have to rely on using their radars more heavily, which can be a vulnerability. The F-35 also has a host of passive sensors that it can rely on for battlespace information, although none are capable of replacing the radar’s functionality. Data from other platforms transmitted via Link 16 is also available to all F-35 pilots. “

“没有雷达的喷气式飞机有可能被投入战斗，至少在紧急情况下是这样，不过这样做仍需承担更大风险。这也会限制战术灵活性，因为与其他装备雷达的喷气式飞机保持联动将是关键。这些喷气式飞机还必须更多地依赖使用雷达，而这可能成为一个弱点。F - 35也有大量被动传感器，可依靠它们获取战场信息，不过没有一个能替代雷达的功能。通过Link 16传输的其他平台的数据，所有F - 35飞行员也都可以获取。”

“ Maybe one of the biggest issues with having no radar is that it is a major part of the jet’s electronic warfare suite. Its ability to transmit narrow, extremely powerful beams of energy adds to the jet’s potent electronic attack capability. So, without the radar, its ability to defend itself and others by leveraging the electromagnetic spectrum is also curbed. “

“没有雷达可能是最大的问题之一，因为雷达是喷气式飞机电子战套件的重要组成部分。它发射窄而极强能量束的能力增强了喷气式飞机强大的电子攻击能力。因此，没有雷达，其通过利用电磁频谱来保护自身和其他目标的能力也会受到限制。”

Remarks from Lt. Gen. Masiello at the hearing this week also raise new concerns about the capabilities that the AN/APG-85 radars will offer even when they do finally start being integrated onto F-35s. This is tied to what it will take to sufficiently cool the radar and other elements of the Block 4 upgrade package. Thermal management is another long-standing issue for all variants of the F-35, which has already had major negative impacts on readiness rates and maintenance demands, as you can read about in more detail here.

本周听证会上，中将马西埃洛的言论也引发了新的担忧，即AN/APG-85雷达即便最终开始集成到F-35战机上，其性能也存在问题。这与充分冷却雷达及Block 4升级套件的其他组件所需的条件有关。热管理是F-35所有型号长期存在的另一个问题，已经对备战率和维护需求产生了重大负面影响，你可以在此处详细了解。

An F-35 takes off with its afterburner engaged. Lockheed Martin

一架F-35加力起飞。洛克希德·马丁公司

“So, right now, you’re cooling, you got about 30 kilowatts [of cooling],” Senator Kelly said as part of another question posed to the head of the F-35 JPO. “Block 4 requires 32 [kilowatts of cooling], is what I have here. But to get to the cooling needed to – for the full capability of the APG-85, needs to be somewhat higher, it seems like 62 kilowatts of cooling?”

“所以，目前你们的冷却能力是大约30千瓦，”参议员凯利在向F-35联合项目办公室负责人提出的另一个问题中说道。“我这里的数据显示，Block 4需要32千瓦的冷却能力。但要实现APG-85的全部能力所需的冷却能力似乎要更高一些，好像是62千瓦？””

“The requirement that we have for the program going forward is 62 to 80 [kilowatts of cooling],” Masiello said in response. “The challenge I see is if the totality of Block 4, when it’s installed, and on the aircraft, it takes the complete power available, which is 32 [kilowatts].”

“我们对该项目未来的要求是62至80[千瓦制冷量]，”马西埃洛回应道。“我看到的挑战是，如果4号模块全部安装并搭载在飞机上，它将耗尽全部可用功率，即32[千瓦]。”

“There’s no margin, which as you know, is not a smart way to go,” he continued. “So, we have an incremental approach to increase that. And we have an ongoing program to look at a more systemic and affordable upgrade to the power thermal management across the program.”

“没有利润空间，如你所知，这可不是明智之举，”他接着说，“所以，我们采取渐进式方法来增加利润空间。我们还有一个正在进行的项目，旨在对整个项目的电力热管理进行更系统、更经济的升级。”

Masiello insisted that this Power and Thermal Management System (PTMS) upgradewould not be required for AN/APG-85 integration, but also made clear that it would be available in time, regardless.

马西埃洛坚称，电力和热管理系统（PTMS）升级对于AN/APG-85集成并非必需，但也明确表示无论如何都会及时提供。

“For the engine core upgrade that we anticipate and have asked for additional funding on that, we anticipate that being fielded in 2031, and it will come with a marginal increase in the power thermal management,” he explained. “The actual system that’s under review and looking for the forward program will come a few years later into the system, which is when we would have the additional capabilities beyond Block 4, not yet to be determined that will require that.”

“对于我们预期并已申请额外资金的发动机核心升级，我们预计它将在2031年投入使用，并且它将带来功率热管理方面的小幅提升，”他解释道。“目前正在审查并为后续项目寻找的实际系统将在几年后进入系统，届时我们将拥有超越Block 4的额外能力，具体情况尚未确定，但这将需要该系统。”

Pratt & Whitney F135 engines for the F-35. Pratt & Whitney

用于F-35的普惠F135发动机。普惠公司

At the same time, as Masiello himself acknowledged, the current plan offers no margin when it comes to cooling before the PTMS upgrade is available. In response to further questioning by Senator Kelly, he declined to speak in an unclassified setting about what that might mean for the initial fielding of the AN/APG-85 radar.

与此同时，正如马西埃洛本人所承认的，当前计划在PTMS升级可用之前的冷却方面没有预留任何余地。在参议员凯利进一步追问下，他拒绝在非保密场合谈论这对AN/APG - 85雷达的初始部署可能意味着什么。

As noted, the entire Block 4 upgrade effort continues to be beset by delays and cost growth, despite efforts to reorganize and accelerate certain components thereof. As of September 2025, the schedule for delivery of a truncated portion of the upgrade package was still running five years behind, according to GAO. The original goal had been for F-35s with the full suite of Block 4 improvements to begin arriving this year.

如前所述，整个Block 4升级工作仍受到延误和成本增长的困扰，尽管已努力对其中某些组件进行重组和加速。据美国政府问责局（GAO）称，截至2025年9月，升级包部分内容的交付进度仍落后五年。最初的目标是让具备全套Block 4改进功能的F-35战机今年开始列装。

Beyond the AN/APG-85, Block 4 is eventually supposed to include replacements for the Joint Strike Fighter’s AN/AAQ-37 Distributed Aperture System(DAS) and Electro-Optical Targeting System(EOTS), as well as a new electronic warfare suiteand a host of other improved capabilities. The Air Force previously described the electronic warfare package, which directly tied in with the APG-85, as a top priority. This is all driving the aforementioned demands for more auxiliary power-generation and thermal cooling capacity, work on which is also now behind schedule.

除了AN/APG-85，Block 4最终还将包括对联合攻击战斗机的AN/AAQ-37分布式孔径系统（DAS）和光电瞄准系统（EOTS）的替换，以及新型电子战套件和一系列其他改进能力。美国空军此前将与APG-85直接相关的电子战套件列为首要任务。这一切都推动了对更多辅助发电和热冷却能力的上述需求，而相关工作目前也已落后于计划。

The F-35 program as a whole continues to face growing costs and other challenges associated with operating and maintaining the jets, which are key factors in the low readiness rates of all variants in service today. Spare parts shortages have been a particularly persistent and serious problem, as you can learn more about in this past TWZ feature.

总体而言，F-35项目继续面临成本不断增加以及与飞机运营和维护相关的其他挑战，这些都是导致目前所有现役型号战备率低下的关键因素。零部件短缺一直是一个特别顽固和严重的问题，您可以在这篇过往TWZ专题报道中了解更多相关信息。

US Air Force F-35As undergoing maintenance. USAF

美国空军F-35A战机正在进行维护。美国空军

“That is now what we’re putting forth is the requirement, which is the reason why, in this generational investment of the 2027 budget will help us. So, we will fill up the available parts,” Lt. Gen. Masiello also said at the hearing this week. “It’s not a systemic issue with the system having the ability. It’s the fact that we didn’t put enough parts and pieces on the shelf. And we’ve increased the demand exponentially with the number of aircraft fielded, and we didn’t do the same thing with the spare parts and the system.”

“我们现在提出的是一项要求，这也是2027财年的这一代际投资将对我们有所帮助的原因。所以，我们将补齐可用的零部件，”马西埃洛中将本周在听证会上也表示。“这不是系统能力方面的系统性问题。问题在于我们没有在货架上储备足够的零部件。而且，随着部署的飞机数量呈指数级增长，我们对零部件的需求也大幅增加，但我们在备件和系统方面却没有采取同样的措施。”

As of last year, the total project cost of the entire program, from initial development in the 1990s through the end of the type’s expected lifecycle in the 2070s, was pegged at $2.1 trillion. The JPO has stressed in the pastthat this figure includes the acquisition of thousands of jets and that inflation is expected to account for roughly half of the total cost.

截至去年，整个项目从20世纪90年代的初始研发到21世纪70年代该机型预期生命周期结束的总项目成本被确定为2.1万亿美元。联合项目办公室过去曾强调，这一数字包括采购数千架喷气式飞机，且预计通货膨胀将占总成本的大约一半。

When it comes to the continuing saga of the AN/APG-85, F-35s are now being delivered without any radars, and it could be years still before that changes.

在AN/APG-85的持续故事中，现在交付的F-35战机没有配备任何雷达，而这种情况可能还会持续数年才会改变。

Contact the author: joe@twz.com

联系作者：joe@twz.com

The TWZ Newsletter | 《TWZ通讯》

Weekly insights and analysis on the latest developments in military technology, strategy, and foreign policy.

每周洞察与分析军事技术、战略和外交政策的最新发展。

The full breakdown of Full Mission Capable (FMC) readiness rates between Fiscal Years 2020 and 2025 for all F-35 variants included the report GAO released two weeks ago. GAO

两周前美国政府问责局（GAO）发布的报告中包含了2020财年至2025财年所有F-35型号的全任务能力（FMC）准备率的详细分类情况。美国政府问责局（GAO）

“We have accepted six aircraft for the Marine Corps that do not have a radar installed. That is correct,” Masiello confirmed.

“我们已经接收了六架没有安装雷达的海军陆战队飞机。情况属实，”马西埃洛证实道。

Kelly then asked if this was due to a lack of available AN/APG-85 radars, which Masiello also confirmed.

凯利随后询问这是否是由于AN/APG-85雷达供应不足所致，马西埃洛也证实了这一点。

US Marine Corps F-35Bs. USMC

美国海军陆战队的F-35B战机。美国海军陆战队

A US Marine Corps F-35C seen on the deck of the US Navy’s Nimitz class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln . CENTCOM

美国海军尼米兹级航空母舰亚伯拉罕·林肯号上的美国海军陆战队F-35C战机。中央司令部

“Block 4现代化计划对于确保海军陆战队和联合部队能够继续在面对未来威胁时保持空中优势是必要的，”一名海军陆战队发言人在今天被要求提供更多信息时告诉《TWZ》。“国防部特意开展了一项高度并行的Block 4能力（技术更新3（TR-3）、APG-85等）开发和生产计划，以及世界上最大的战斗机生产线。国防部官员在充分了解生产型飞机在Block 4能力之前准备就绪的风险的情况下做出了这一决定。各军种的决定确保了生产型飞机能够接受Block 4能力，而不是继续建造需要对Block 4能力进行大规模改装的Block 3 F-35，从而节省了多年的改装硬件安装时间。”

The Marine Corps deferred any further questions to the F-35 JPO. TWZ had already reached out to that office for more information, as well.

海军陆战队将任何进一步的问题都转交给了F-35联合项目办公室。《TWZ》也已经联系了该办公室以获取更多信息。

“F-35‘闪电II’战机正在建造中，以适配美国空军、海军和海军陆战队的F-35先进雷达（APG-85）。交付后，配备APG-85的F-35战机将具备应对当前和未来威胁的无与伦比的能力。部分F-35战机的初始部署计划在第17批次进行，”F-35联合项目办公室（JPO）在5月被问及雷达情况的最新进展时告诉《战区》杂志。“该项目与各军种协调，特意开展了一项高度并行的先进能力研发和生产计划。做出这一决定时，充分考虑到了生产型战机在能力成熟之前就准备就绪的风险。”

A view of Lockheed Martin’s F-35 production line. Lockheed Martin

洛克希德·马丁公司F-35生产线的景象。洛克希德·马丁公司

The F-35 JPO had provided TWZ with a similar statement when asked about whether radarless F-35s were already being accepted back in February.

当被问及无雷达的F-35战机是否早在2月就已被接收时，F-35联合项目办公室（JPO）向《战区》杂志（TWZ）提供了类似声明。

A Lockheed Martin briefing slide giving a general overview of the capabilities the APG-81 provides the F-35. Lockheed Martin

洛克希德·马丁公司的一份简报幻灯片，概述了APG-81为F-35提供的能力。洛克希德·马丁公司

Examples of the existing APG-81’s SAR mapping capability. Lockheed Martin

现有APG-81的SAR测绘能力示例。洛克希德·马丁公司

诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司正在研发的新型AN/APG-85的相关细节仍然有限。在本周的听证会上，马西埃洛中将拒绝在非保密场合谈论其具体性能。

Another briefing slide offering a general overview of the fusion of sensors and other systems on existing F-35s. Lockheed Martin

另一张简报幻灯片，概述了现有F-35战机上传感器与其他系统的融合情况。洛克希德·马丁公司

A row of APG-81 radars. Northrop Grumman

一排APG-81雷达。诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司

How the Marine Corps, or any other service, might utilize its radarless F-35s in the meantime is unknown. This was among our queries to the Marines today.

在此期间，海军陆战队或其他军种可能如何使用其无雷达的F-35战机尚不清楚。这是我们今天向海军陆战队提出的问题之一。

Senator Kelly also prodded Lt. Gen. Masiello about this, indirectly, at the hearing this week.

本周的听证会上，参议员凯利也间接地就此事向中将马西埃洛发问。

“So, I assume that those airplanes can’t count as fully mission capable with no radar?” Kelly asked the JPO head.

“那么，我想那些没有雷达的飞机不能算作具备完全任务能力吧？”凯利问联合项目办公室负责人。

“I don’t think I would count them as fully mission capable,” Masiello said in response.

“我认为不能将它们算作具备完全执行任务的能力，”马西埃洛回应道。

“You say you don’t think. I can’t imagine a scenario where an F-35 with no radar could be an FMC airplane,” Kelly retorted, which Masiello did not push back on.

“你说你不这么认为。我无法想象一架没有雷达的F-35怎么可能是具备飞行管理能力（FMC）的飞机，”凯利反驳道，马西埃洛没有进行反驳。

A US Air Force F-35A heads out on a sortie in support of Operation Epic Fury against Iran in March 2026. USAF

2026年3月，一架美国空军的F-35A战机出动执行任务，以支持针对伊朗的“史诗狂怒行动”。美国空军

TWZ has previously noted that F-35s without radars would not be completely useless, but their capabilities and survivability would certainly be severely degraded. As we previously wrote:

《战区》此前曾指出，没有雷达的F-35并非完全无用，但它们的作战能力和生存能力肯定会严重下降。正如我们之前所写的那样：

“ As long as one F-35 in a formation has a radar, all of the other aircraft in said group should be able to benefit from the data it provides via their Multifunction Advanced Data Links(MADL). As such, even without a radar installed, a Joint Strike Fighter would not be without F-35-derived radar data if at least one other was flying cooperatively with it within MADL’s transmission reach. “

“只要编队中的一架F-35配备雷达，该编队中的其他所有飞机都应能够通过其多功能先进数据链（MADL）从其提供的数据中受益。因此，即使没有安装雷达，只要至少有另一架F-35在MADL的传输范围内与其协同飞行，联合攻击战斗机也不会缺少源自F-35的雷达数据。”

An F-35 takes off with its afterburner engaged. Lockheed Martin

一架F-35加力起飞。洛克希德·马丁公司

Masiello insisted that this Power and Thermal Management System (PTMS) upgradewould not be required for AN/APG-85 integration, but also made clear that it would be available in time, regardless.

马西埃洛坚称，电力和热管理系统（PTMS）升级对于AN/APG-85集成并非必需，但也明确表示无论如何都会及时提供。

Pratt & Whitney F135 engines for the F-35. Pratt & Whitney

用于F-35的普惠F135发动机。普惠公司

US Air Force F-35As undergoing maintenance. USAF

美国空军F-35A战机正在进行维护。美国空军

When it comes to the continuing saga of the AN/APG-85, F-35s are now being delivered without any radars, and it could be years still before that changes.

在AN/APG-85的持续故事中，现在交付的F-35战机没有配备任何雷达，而这种情况可能还会持续数年才会改变。

Contact the author: joe@twz.com

联系作者：joe@twz.com

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